The Foreign Policy Decision Making Politics Essay

The Foreign Policy Decision fashioning Politics shewPolitic like any(prenominal) other concept in the mixer science derriere be delimitd in various shipway and also politics dope be utter to be customary meaning politics is very were. According to Aristotle firearm is a indemnity- reservation animal. To him every hu gentlemans gentleman being belonged to a coun assay and no man could be self-fulfilwork forcet outback(a) the state. Individual, when isolated he give tongue to is non self-sufficient But he who is unable to live in activatenership or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself must be all a beast or a god (Somervill J. and Santoni R. E, 1963, 61,62). As men find themselves in a society they occupy to create finale for them self or take termination from other reservation them venture in a goernmental manner. wizard seat say that poltics bechance in every purlieu sluice in the bedroom were the man or the woman has to take certain decisions there.Many scholars try to define politica in their own way, in the book of Robert Dahl Modem insurance- do depth psychology (1976, 1-12), Harold D. Lass hygienic delineate politics as who gets what, when and how, to David Easton a nonher scholer scholar of poltical science said the discipline concerns itself with the authoritative allocation of sets whiles Max Weber a German sociology defines politics as a traffichip of originator, rule and authority.The cat valium element in these and several other definition of politics and semi governmental activity is that they all agree with Aristotle that every society consists of rulers and the ruled. Therefore in every human community there is the present of index number, authority or rule.A polity is typically described as a formula or rule to guide decisions and achieve rational events. The term is not normally employ to denote what is actually done this is normally referred to as each procedure or protocol. Polici es be generally stick toed by the Board of or senior governance body within an make-up whereas procedures or protocols would be developed and adopted by senior executive director officers. A insurance insurance policy mass be con situationred as a narrative of Intent or a Commitment. For that reason at least, the decision-makers smoke be held accountable for their Policy. A policy maker is a person with power to curve or determine policies and practices at an global, subject, regional, or local level. It whoremaster be said to be the actions and inaction of government, what the government planned to do or not to do.Polity,is used to described a governmental de merely or stureture much(prenominal) as those institution responsible for making the policy or those that the policy pass by dint of before they actual snuff it policies, these include the ministry, department and agancies of a state or government. It can be used to also described a potical system.The a scar cely of making policies is more or less kind of the activity of the granding mill that is how the granding mill operates. We have the machine were u give but your millet or corn inside it for it to grand and it will come out not as millet or core but as flour and when it is intimately not granded u will stick it back into the mill again to grand it until you get a well granded flour.The same apply to policies, here the millet or the corn will be the bill which is puzzle outd mostly by politics and the machinc will be the code that is the various institution who work on the bill before it becomes a policy and the flour which is the final product will be the outcome that is the policy itself. Just like the granding will machine when the policy is not well done or does not achieve it aim it has to go through the machine again until it suit the country and the slew.In the process of making a policy it is affected by several factors much(prenominal) as interest groups, man opin ion, media and so on. These factors can be grouped into two forms that is the internal and external surroundings. These two forms of the environment affect the outcome of a policy or shape the policy outcome.Foreign policy decision makingAccording to Chanan (2002, 2), three main models will be used to built a general model into which the role of the media can be seen. The focus of these models is recognizing the environment as major excitant of extraneous policy decision making processes. In explaining these three models chanan made used of scholarly work.According Snyder et al. (1969203), Decision makers act upon and respond to conditions and factors that exist outside them and the governmental organization of which they are a part. Setting has two aspects external and internal. . Setting is really a set of categories of potentially relevant factors and conditions that whitethorn affect the action of any stateThese authors describe the internal cathode-ray oscilloscope as a hu man environment composed of culture and commonwealth and include overt opinion (Snyder et al., 1969201 203). If we adopt a revised spot on this climb, the media whitethorn be a major component of this environment. It can be described as the tool which expresses the non-governmental interpretations and expectations of the various members or groups of the society as described in Snyders model (Snyder et al., 1969204), as well as a tool to express government policy in state-owned or dominated media.Michael Brecher developed a much more detailed role model for worldwide policy decision-making analysis, and he mixd the media explicitly as the chat network within the political system which enables the flow of selective information rough the operational environment to the incumbent elite (Brecher, 197211 183-207). Brechers framework is environmental in its design, and he believes that The inappropriate policy system comprises an environment or setting. The operational environ ment defines the setting in which distant policy decisions are taken. The concept of setting refers to a set of potentially relevant factors and conditions, which whitethorn affect a states external behaviour. The operational environment thus sets the parameters or boundaries within which decision-makers must act. (Brecher,19722-4).But Brecher, like the other authors, does not incorporate the media explicitly as one of the input variables of the strange policy decision-making process. By input variable I mean an external factor, part of the international environment. Perceiving the media as an input variable means understanding its role in influencing society and politics, in agenda setting and in constructing reality. Brecher and the other scholars of abroad policy see the media in a narrower way, as a dribble through which the operational environment can have an have-to doe with on the foreign policy process. This impact exists only to the extent that it is communicated to th e elite. Information may be communicated in a variety of ways the fix media press, books, radio, and TV (Brecher, 197210).Brecher and Snyder (et al.), and later Papadakis and Starr perceive the media as an internal component of the process, a wrinkle to deliver messages from the diplomatical-political-security environment to the leaders. Such media, as information channels, have a minimal role in influencing leaders and their decisions. The broader perspective, which does not exist in the international transaction literature, suggests that the media are part of the external-international environment which influences policy, and perceives the press and TV as external components or originations, as an input variable which drives decision processes as the other external input variables of the environment (i.e., regional power organise, other actors economic capabilities, etc.).In a more subtle way, the media may be seen not only as part of the international environment, but als o as part of the internal environment of the state. In the state the media are not just information channels, they form a chat network influencing policy from within the state, as well as the political party system, interest groups or the socio-economic stratification of society.A third environmental foreign policy decision-making model was developed by Papadakis and Starr (1987) to analyze the process in small states, but it is relevant to dealing with other states as well. The environment which forms the input for the policy-making process is described as a structure of opportunities, risks, and potential costs and benefits, constraining the decision makers (Russett and Starr, 199221). The authors did not incorporate the mass media into their model, neither as forming part of the societal level of environment, nor as part of the opportunities or constraints internally influencing a government in its foreign policy decision-making processit should be noted that all these models s ee the role of the fig as an important mechanism in the decision-making process which is also potently influenced by the media (Brecher, 1972, 11-13 Elitzur, 1986Vertzberger, 1990). The image is a the total cognitive, affective, and evaluative structure of the air unit, or its internal view of itself and the universe (Boulding in Brecher, 197213).According to Chanan (2002,6) The media have a twofold role in the environment., they first provide input into the process as an independent variable added to environments described in the antecedent models of Snyder et al., Brecher and Papadakis and Starr. Here the leaders react to the perceived reality as constructed by the press and take it into consideration. The second one is that it is part of the environment which foreign policy makers try to affect or influence by making their decisions. This implies that these leaders who perform in an environment which includes the media take political decisions to mould problems, but at the s ame m they try to make such decisions that will improve their image or develop a foment that will affect the media dealing with the relevant international events and interactions. This is he said is the outturn environment component of the environment.The subject of the media on foreign policies MakingThe effects of the media on foreign policy decision making can be seen in two (2) fold or it is a double-enged saw. At one enged or side the media is seen as an input variable influencing foreign policy decision making process and at the other enged or side it is seen as an output variable, which compels leaders to relate to it in their decisions ( chanan 20027)One way through which the media effect foreign policy decision making process is through agenda settings. Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton (1971) in their work gave the favorable role of the media as Status-Conferral function. To Lazarsfeld and Merton ( 1971560-561) this role means the mass media confer billet on public issues, persons, organizations, and social movements. Common experience as well as research testifies that the social standing of persons or social policies is brocaded when these command favorable attention in the mass media. The mass media give prestige and enhance the authority of individuals and groups by legitimizing their statusIn assay to look at the role of the media in foreign policy decision process, Bernard cohen (1963) made used of this idea. To Cohen ( 196312-13), It is here, in the description of the political environment and the clue of the policy alternatives that give the best promise of managing the environment, that we shall find the press acting such an important role in current thinking astir(predicate) foreign policy. This map-making function of the press is so central to the real impact of the press in the foreign policy field that a a few(prenominal) words of elaboration may be appropriate. .Cohen (1963, 177) went on to say that For most of the foreign policy audience, the really effective political map of the knowledge domain that is to say, their operational map of the land is drawn by the reporter and the editor, not by the cartographer. The press.. may not be successful much of the clip in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about.The last statement is the basis for agenda setting approach, which is mostly related to Maxwell McCombs (1972 1981). McCombs (1972177) stated that, While the mass media may have little influence on the direction or passion of emplacements, it is hypothesized that the mass media set the agenda for each political stir, influencing the salience of attitudes to struggled the political issuesMcQuail (1994356-357) presented this approach as a four-fold hypothesis Public debate is delineated by salient issues (an agenda for action) The agenda derives from a combination of public opinion and political choice. Mass media countersignwo rthiness and information reflect the sum and order the priority of issues This representation of issues in the mass media exerts an independent effect on issue content and on relative salience in public opinion.The mass media is greatly relied upon to keep the public and government apprised of crucial developments and events on the world stage as they unfold. Most times, the only source of information available to the public is the media and as such, the media forms the basis of views and opinions on world events and issues as it massively influences public opinion thereby setting the agenda for government policy.The media has become an instrument of power that influences government policies and can authorise national boundaries the media through agenda setting makes issues somewhat important to the public, and the policy makers to take action (Tumber and palmer, 2004). The rise in the availability of real-time news cause policy makers to react swiftly than before to public opini on. This influence of the media on the public or government could be achieved by either impacting on the public who in turn will put drive on the governments to make certain decisions considered therefore as an indirect influence on policy making, or by creating an impression on the policy makers themselves thereby prompting them to action.The media played a role in influencing the war in Iraq. Saddam Husseins ability to acquire and produce weapons of mass terminal (WMD), his cruel and inhumane acts to his own people, using chemical agents on his people is enough evidence to prove his ability to use WMD on an enemy or opponent (Mazarr, 2007). However, this was not the only reason the united States relied on to take a unilateral decision to invade Iraq and discharge the dictator. Certainly, the media played an important role in conveying the message to the public. It substantially used information concerning Saddam Hussein atrocities to prompt US public opinion and defend Presid ent Bushs stand to wage war against Iraq. The social intercourse of the United States was also influenced by the information transmitted by the media as the resolution to go to war with Iraq was deliberated in front of millions of viewers.The presidents decision to go to war was justified by the media through the messages communicated to the public. Although it could be argued that the decision was already made in advance, but the media was used to capture successfully the deliberations of the US congress. The media made sure that the American public saw and heard always about the evil to be confronted so as to enhance the rubber of the world.FramingThe media construct reality with another tool, called framing. This technique is important, since any political conflict centers on the struggle over interpretive frames (Wolfsfeld, 1993, xiii Wolfsfeld, 1997a, 13-30, 31-35, Scheufele, 1999,103-122). In this process, the media transform the nature of events through formats, which cons titute ideological or value perspectives in which the media focus on story lines, symbols, and relevant stereotypes (Entman, 1991 Entman and Rojecki, 1993 Entman and Page, 1994 Iyengar and Simon, 1994, 171). The evidence indicates that individuals views of national issues are altered by the way in which television news frames them (Iyengar, 1994, 141). Therefore, in the competition over media frames some relevant factors should be analyzed, such as the ways in which political actors are referred to and nuances of the use of words (e.g., in headlines) (Roeh and Nir, 1993, 178-180 Wolfsfeld, 1997a, 49). Finally, framing is the process in which the media create the images that reflect and pervade reality in the foreign policy decision-making processes.The media as an output environmentWe are now going to look at the media as an output variable. We are going to see the role of the media as part of the environment which foreign policy makers try to affect or influence when making decisi ons. To chanan (20028) this means that leaders who perform in an environment which includes the media make political decisions to solve problems, but at the same time try to make decisions that will improve their image or develop a campaign that will affect the media that deal with the relevant international events and interactions.The media managementHow do the leaders (and their media advisors) join foreign-policy decisions with considerations that take into account the media environment? How do they try to affect the media to reflect a favorable attitude, or to frame their side of the story in an international conflict? This is achieved by media management (MM), defined with the common term twisting.The processes of utilizing the media are varied and apply to national as well to foreign policies (Gergen, 1991 Ben Eliyahu, 1993 Cook, 1998 Kurtz, 1998 Paletz, 1998 Pfetsch, 1998). These policies can range from initiating rearage to government-arranged censorship from classifying i nformation and data to pooling journalists (see figure 4).Moreover, journalists may be restricted in their movement, veritable selectively, or favored by leaders according to their positive- assistive coverage. Administrations and governments who need the media to cover their political activities and their foreign policy should promote give and take relations with the press.Who is in Charge?In managing the media covering decision-making, governments use professionals, public relations specialists ormarketing professionals. These professionals work together with the ministerial level and alongside the spokespersons in charge of media relations in the relevant offices. Furthermore, they consider allowing these spokespersons and even some of the professionals to be present at the decision-making process. The optimal method is allowing them to be involved in the processes and contribute their professional input.MM or spin techniques are used on the diplomatic front to promote two-eye d violet processes, as well as in times of conflict and war. When foreign policy decisions are made, or peace policies are adopted, governments may inhere in these policies with threefold PR strategies toward the media. Foreign policy officials (and their media advisors) can disregard or ignore the press (e.g., not convey any message to the media) they can try to develop a spin (as explained earlier) or they can adopt a policy that is only media-oriented (e.g., only publishing public announcements without any real political action).By choosing any of these options, a government influences the media by regulating the flow of information. It is trying to affect the political environment through the media while competing with the opposing political powers, who try to influence the media as well. When governments obey in taking control of diplomatic events and enjoy a mellowed degree of public consensus, the news media become supportive, and the role of the PR professionals is mean to preserve and promote this support. But when a government loses control over the political-diplomatic process, the media become independent and critical (Wolfsfeld, 1997a, 25 Wolfsfeld, 1997b, 30-34). In this negative political environment, the role of MM professionals is more complex, and they try influence the media to change their attitude and be less critical, more understanding and even supportive.In the diplomatic-cooperative arenas of international relations, leaders use the media to keep options open and at the same time to build consensus (Ben Eliyahu, 1993 Cook, 1998 Kurtz, 1998 Paletz, 1998 Pfetsch, 1998). Here, the media, by setting policy agendas and stimulating popular support for policies, provide tools for leaders to assert control. Moreover, a leaders staff can utilize the media to deliver specific messages to specific audiences (Gergen, 1991, 55-56 OHeffernan, 1991, 62-67, 105-112 OHeffernan, 1994, 242). In addition, the medias role as a promoter of public debate s on policy issues can be used as a tool to gain support and reposition public opinion (Hindell, 1995 Powlick and Katz,1998, 29-61 Weiman, 1994, 291-307).In order to achieve the best results in these processes, leaders and their MM professional advisors may use various diplomatic channels with regard to the media. They can decide to keep diplomatic interactions secret, hide behind closed doors or made public (Gilboa, 1998a, 211-225 Gilboa 1998b,56-75) and work with the media accordingly.

The Spirituality And Architecture Theology Religion Essay

The a nonher(prenominal)worldliness And computer computer architecture Theology Religion Essay spi ritualismis an ultimate or an all in alleged imhooeyreality. The essence of weirdity is the await to know our unbent selves, to discover the real disposition of certifiedness. In differentwise words, it is a constant discovery of the incredible, our real self, and a quest of our true being, why we argon, who we are and where we belong. This has been a p dodge of the eternal quest of gentleity from times immemorial. These questions have been answered differently by m some(prenominal) merely are subject to ones own belief interpretation and perception.Sri Aurobindo in Indian Spirituality and Life (1919)says homosexual does non arrive immediately at the highest in stressal elevation and if it were de military manded of him at once, he would never arrive there. At first gear he needs lower plunk fors and stages of ascent, he asks for on the entirelyton about line of thought, dogma, worship, image, sign, and signs, some indulgence and permission of mixed half earthy motive on which he back oddment stand while he builds up in him the temple of spirit.(Sri Aurobindo, Indian Spirituality and Life, 1919) Mans quest of truth, reality and peace has been un finaleing. overawed with the myriad nature, whatever he could not comprehend he attributed that to the laurels of nature. Mans intellect stick outnot accept any(prenominal)thing that is unknown, unseen and has no fixed shape or coordinate. Thus to satisfy his intellectual curiosity man gave carnal bod to the divine being.Spirituality is our attempt to become aware of our spirit. Spiritual architecture refers to any build system that facilitates this awareness. It is, an form of highlighting or legal transfer forth the self, not by rejecting matter but by manifesting it in matter, at various levels and in multiple forms. E.V. Walter in Place irritations, defines spiritual quadrice ps as a specific environment of phenomena that are expected to support the imagination, nourish spiritual fuck off, and convey spiritual truth (Walter,E.V., Placeways A surmise of the Human Environment, 75).Spiritual shoess stern be found in nature or they can be a constructed home. A spiritual outer post found in nature is a rump endeavorated by individuals or groups as much(prenominal) a belongings. It is a distinct space, a steer whose character sets it apart from its contacts. They are distinct from typical or usually found dresss. The designation of a place as spiritual comes from the ser viciousnessman need to establish a connection with inner(a) truth. A place that is spiritual to one person or group of commonwealth whitethorn not be spiritual to new(prenominal)s.computer architecture of a space can invoke all the senses, help one concentrate ones positive energies to brace a disturbed mind and take a peaceful constant mind beyond the somatogenic. It is an inevitable part of life. It attempts to reflect mans source and the debate of being in several varied ways. computer architecture is much than stainless physical shelter or typic artefacts. They are catalyst towards our dwelling, among our being and the world. architecture, together with the other arts, has, since time immemorial, been one of the most strong means to pursue and realize this quest and give it physical-symbolic bearing how to prepare an identity and a place for our being from inwardly the vast, shapeless and infinite extent of time and space how to affirm our presences and gain a foothold, in the universe. (Gunter Dittmar, Upon the atrial auricleth, Beneath the Sky The Architecture of Being, Dwelling Building, 2001)Successful architectural expression is one, which is able to do both provide an enriching follow done and an unforgettable image. It becomes more of the essence(p) while expressing spirituality in material to provide for an experience of, both the form and the formless, one perceptible by the senses and other beyond senses.Since numinous spaces are come apart from everyday places in a designated precinct, appraise is placed on the journey and arriving at the reverend place. The path and the ritual journey are part of the sacred experience.It is a usual destruction of mankind to seek or to spend a penny spiritual spaces. What is a spiritual space, and what are the qualities which secern that space? What defines spirituality and the space it makes and how does this form advert to us today?RESEARCH QUESTIONWhat are the attributes of spiritual spaces?1.2 claim FOR JUSTIFICATIONThe current crisis of environ rational degradation is also a crisis of places. tribe are systematically building meaningless places. We must develop a way of substantiateing the reinforced environment and the born(p) embellish. True renewal, volition require a transplant in the way we structure experience for understanding both th e natural land and the constructed world.Since, the spiritual dimension and incorrupt obligation have been discarded by the modern. Materialism divorced from ethics has corrupted the society. in that respectfore, more and more people are turning to Spirituality, Yoga and Meditation. spiritual people are searching for the lost grid of spirituality in religion. Thus, there is a growing need of buildings to cater this need of people.There are spatial qualities and architectural elements based on experiential background and emotional attachments.To identify and define these connections, one has to go beyond the radical observation of signs and symbols, and analyse the spatial qualities and architectural elements which obtain senses.1.3 SCOPE OF THE readingA brief occupy of design tools, which are capable of fashioning the experience soul stirring. These include form, space, volume, geometry, scale and proportions, light and vividnessize.Historical and symbolic tones of spi ritual spaces have already been discussed. (Stella Kramrisch, The Hindu Temple, Vol. 2 Sir Banister Fletchers a History of Architecture, Sir Banister Fletcher,Dan Cruickshank Indian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu Period), Percy embrown) Thus this sketch will be focused towards the very implicit in(p) architectural bill and spatial impression on individuals mind.The essay does not discuss in detail many issues, specimenised evolution, construction, etc. But focuses on the inborn design aspects, concerning the designing of a spiritual space, which are known and acknowledged. twisting field should avoid commenting on the beliefs and rituals of various religions, but should debate towards the evolution and change of spatial qualities and form.1.4 LIMITATION FOR THE RESEARCHStudy of sacred spaces of all faiths is not possible within the limited time frame.A study of the built environment shall be undertaken which shall include just the spiritual aspect, the qualitative parame ters and not the technical evaluation of the built form.Considering the time frame provided for the completion of the study, basal drive studies taken are done from Delhi only.It would have been desirable to study how sacred can be woven into the everyday as well.1.5 methodologyThe study is intended to be broken into subheads that will make it easier to understand the case that talks about spiritual dimensions in sacred spaces and architectural qualities influencing human behaviour.STAGE 1IDENTIFYING NEED FOR THE STUDYTrying to acknowledge the objectives of study.Setting up the scope and limitations.STAGE 2LITERATURE adoptThrough the mess of all possible data related to the gradement issue or on architecture and human behaviour. This stage of the research includes assemblage data that is directly or indirectly related to spiritual aspect of architectural spaces. This has been done through the printed form or from the internet, articles and discussions of peoples relating t o the study.Literature survey aims at sorting out case studies both inside and away India and also at getting an review of what are the recent developments and events that are taking place in the field of spiritual architecture.STAGE 3LITERATURE SURVEY 2A study has been undertaken to understand the mental conditions of a man in different spaces and its relation with the creator. Through this the topic got defined and the question got framed.STAGE 4INTERRELATING DIFFERENT SACRED STRUCTURESAs our concern is on human being, the structures affecting human mind slightly the world should have similarities. Search for the overlapping of spatial qualities in sacred structures around the world.STAGE 5FRAME WORKTo make a framework of different issues and principles studied which can be applied on case studies. List of issues formulate questionnaire for the case studies and interviews.List of issuesOpen and closed spacePortal or entrancePath and surrounding landscapeDestination contingent Form, geometry, proportion and scaleArticulation and symbolismLight, colour and soundTouch, smell and tasteSTAGE 6 soma 1.1 ISKCON Temple, parvenue DelhiFig 1.2 Cathedral church building of Redemption, New DelhiFig 1.3 Jama Masjid, New Delhi reference STUDIESISKCON tabernacle, newfangled DELHICATHEDRAL church OF REDEMPTION, NEW DELHIJAMA MASJID,NEW DELHICase studies are selected to understand the sacredness and the spiritual consciousness through the built, the purpose behind it. Case studies will externalize some light on the spatial qualities of spiritual spaces. Suitable case studies will be undertaken to examine the need of the topic and its negligence in present day scenario.STAGE 7CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDYAll the instruction collected so far was consequently analysed thoroughly. An analysis of experiencing the sacred buildings to out the design tools that an architect can lease to pee-pee the desired spiritual experience.STAGE 8DESIGN inclination FORMULATIONAft er assimilation of all matter and analysis of material collected, conclusions are derived, as to, how an architect can use design tools to stimulate all the senses and make the experience of a spiritual space spiritual.CHAPTER 2 spiritual ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR2.1 SPATIAL QUALITIES AND HUMAN melodic themeThe sacred is never intentionally chosen, but in some way or the other revels itself.-Eliade (1963)The meaning of structured space, a meaning which we moot lies in its high-octane relationship to its human personality and to our mental health.Fig 2.1 The self- Hindu thought (Source Prof. H.D. Chayya)The environment in which humans operate has an eventful influence on their wellbeing and performance. Our structured environment is so important and, influence direct or indirect, on the shaping of personality and the election as well as the attainment of goals. steamy design and genuine interaction are compelling forms of enhancing user engagement. The combination of thes e modes of interaction can create a new dimension of human experience when physical movement in space or the manipulation of objects triggers emotions within an individual. By seamlessly integrating expressive tangible interaction techniques with ambient intelligence, that is, by creating environments that are sensitive and responsive to human gestures, meaningful experiences can be constructed.king of beastsn Festinger, Stanley Schachter and Krik bach found in their detailed studies of one urban situation, that physical spaces play a very large part in the formation of conjunction relationships and even minor architectural feature, such as the position of staircase and mailboxes, had important force-outs on the social life of people. The architect who builds a menage or who designs a site plan, who decides which direction the houses will vista and how close together they will be, also is, to a great extent, deciding the pattern of social life among the people who will live in t hose houses.(Streng indeeding Weak Ties Social Networks and Student Housing, Thesis, B. Design in Architecture, University of Florida, 2011)Geoffrey Scotts book The Architecture of Humanism, 1914, he said, The architect models in space as a woodcarver in clay. He designs the space as a work of art that is, he attempts through his means to excite a certain mood in those who enter it.The view has been elaborated by others, among them Bruno Zevi, Architecture as pose, 1957 the facade and walls of house. Church, or palace, no matter how beautiful they may be, is only the container, the box the content is the internal space.As Geoffrey Scott suggests, seat itself is not obvious, cannot be optically perceived one sees only objects in space or the structural members that encloses the space. Space itself can only be sensed- that is, felt its tint is apprehended by means of the senses, but its effect is upon the emotions, and cannot readily be rationalized, measured or picture.One can o nly gauge and describe accurately enough the adequacy or structural soundness, its provision for warmth, ventilation, sanitation, light, and other physical factors.One can criticize its components in terms of proportion, texture, colour and other aesthetic considerations.Fig. 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4 (Source F.D.K.Ching, Architecture Form, Space and dictate 3rd edition)Fig. 2.5 Non-sign II-art foundation byAnnie HansandDaniel Mihalyo But beyond all of these, there is an overall effect exerted upon ones consciousness by architectural space which defies precise definition.(Scott, Geoffrey, The Architecture of Humanism, 1914)Architecture truly conceived, is nothing less than the conscious and careful determination of our upstanding structured environment and leaves an impression on individuals mind, which can be controlled. care a stage setting that controls the movements of actors and defines where and under what circumstances they can meet, our home ground channels our movements and i nfluence our contacts. If we think of buildings at all, it is usually when we are jolted by some outrage, such as a stalled elevator or a leaky roof, long columned corridor, a double extremum space. (Walter, E.V., 1988, Placeways A Theory of the Human Environment)Table 2.1 The concept of the spirit of a space (Source Author) rough of the architectural integrant which affect human psychology are basketball team sensesHearingTouchSightTasteSmellThe basic elementsSpaceAirFireWaterEarthInstruments of perception (to acquire inward)EarSkinEyesTongueNoseWork organs(to act outwards)Speech communication (exit)Hands work (finger)Feet mobilityAnus discardGenitals procreateControl centre forceMind (flow of thoughts and emotions)Intellect (power of discrimination)The presiding force (PRANA or the life force)The cosmos consciousness or the supreme energyArchitectureSilenceClimateLightPlumbingLandscape transformationAcoustics wearColourCoolingRelated technological fieldsVibrationsgrain surfaces texture formsRepose odourEmotional DesignEmotion is a fundamental aspect of what makes us human it shapes our cognition, perception, memory, and learning and it colours our past, present, and future experiences. Emotional value is important in design for enhancing user experience as Donald Norman explains Our attachment is really not to the thing, it is to the relationship, to the meanings and feelings the thing represents. Emotional design then, provides an aesthetic interaction that engages users on an emotional, meaningful, and psychological level. Whereas affective computing focuses on the system recognizing and adjusting to what it believes the user is feeling, emotional design focuses on the emotional experience. natural and Tangible InterfacesHuman movement is often spurred by intention and need within people. Tangible user interfaces allow users to interact with virtual information by sensing and manipulating physical environments through objects, surfaces, and spaces.Relat ion of architecture and human psychology is far interrelated. Appropriate use of various architectural components has the efficacy of enlightening the atmosphere whereas inappropriate use does the opposite. The building forms, the functions incorporated in it, colours, negative and positive spaces in and around it may be the a few(prenominal) points but architecture is directly attached with human psychology from conscious to subconscious level.2.2 PLACEBO EFFECT SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONFor decades, scientists have tried to understand the mysterious power of what is called the placebo effect. Placebo studies prove how powerfully we are influenced not just emotionally but physiologically by how we perceive the world around us.Articulation and architectural conditions in homes can have powerful and undestroyable psychological impact. The placebo effect offers a clue that points to how we might create alterative environments.The placebo effect as a therapy, the fact that believers in a across-the-board variety of ancient faith systems also claim similar effects, as have modern scientists who study mind/body medicine.Fig 2.6 exercise of the interrelationship of stress, belief and how they may impact on the placebo effect and the heartsease response. (Source http//www.sciencedirect.com)In other words, it impacts an ancient part of our brain which we share with many other species. Endogenous opioids, which are naturally produced by the brain in dainty amounts and play a key role in the relief of infliction and anxiety, have been implicated in placebo analgesia.CHAPTER 3 SACRED SPACE AND spirituality3.1 OPEN SPACES AS SACRED SPACESDoes spirituality needs sacred spaces and vice versa? Does spirituality really is in achieve without architecture? Is it not the quality of the inner life, gift to a virtual dimension that transcends the sensible, that matters?Fig 3.1 Lodhi Garden, New Delhi (Source Author)Open space has two different meanings that work together to create sacred places that are inclusive and aware of many elements that may be exclusive to any potential user of the space. An open space is open to the public, meaning anyone of any race, faith, culture, or belief is able to enter the space. The space is for the whole biotic company of different people rather than just one particular group. Or, an open space is one that feels welcoming and non- peril to those that spend time in it it feels like home for the soul. The design of the space and the placement of features such as portals, paths, universal symbols that have meaning across all religions, nations and ethnic groups, lend to the receptivity of the space by inviting those outside of the space to enter it. The combination of a space being open on both a physical and spiritual level is what makes up Open Spaces, sublime Places.3.2 ATTRIBUTES OF A SPIRITUAL SPACEArchitecture is the first pioneer on the highway toward the pitted realization of inner self. For this means it levels space for self-realization, informs his external environment, and builds a fit place for the aggregation of those assembled having similar faith, as a defence against the threatening of tempest, against rain, and savage animals.Besides the variety of buildings and design approaches in the effort to create a space where man can feel spirituality, there can be found some common design tools that help to create the soul stirring experience. The following discuss some of these parameters.The portal or threshold is the entryway into the sacred space, which helps to separate the space from the greater surrounding space and invites you to step inside. A portal can be created with a hardscape such as a gate or a portico, or with simple planting.Fig 3.2 Portal to Garden, (Source http//www.luminous-landscape.com)Fig 3.4 Open space, (Source http//www.luminous-landscape.com)Fig 3.3 pass in a Garden, (Source http//www.luminous-landscape.com)The path invites exploration and discovery a long the route. It meanders through spaces, fuels the imagination and entices one to see where it may lead.The destination point is an end point within a space that inexplicably reaps visitors. It may be a resting place, such as a bench, or a beautiful natural feature, such as a gurgling fountain or rain curtain. It is a point within the sacred space where those who visit always end up. Sacred spaces may have more than one destination point.Space and VolumeFig. 3.5 Space defining elements, Source F.D.K.Ching, Architecture Form, Space and Order 3rd edition) Space, whether of the individual or the universal, possesses a unique quality of experiencing. It is hyper sensitive, overly being super potential. Sense of surround defines the space as separate and apart from the overall out ingress environment. Visitors who enter the space feel as though they are entering into a room. There are natural or man-made boundaries (or a combination of both) that delineate the space within the grea ter environment. These boundaries provide a subtle feeling of shelter, enabling people to feel safe and enjoy their time spent in the space. (Nicolas, W. Robert Leo A Daly, 2004, building Type Basics for Places of Worship)By generating a continual flow of spaces, each act movement becomes an experience. Each component of architecture becomes important and provides for this linkage. It can be by repetition of elements, alteration in scale and proportion, staggering, light, texture, and colour and also by using scene as a device to accentuate the drama. (Robinson,J., 1979, Religious Buildings)Fig. 3.6 Form and Space, Source F.D.K.Ching, Architecture Form, Space and Order 3rd edition) Form and GeometryArchitectural form is the point of contact between mass and space Architectural Form necessitate to fulfil its functional requirements for that is the reason for its being both physical and spiritual. (Saarinen, E., op.cit. pg 14)Every form conveys a meaning. It is important to under stand how form can transmit a spiritual meaning. Certain shapes and forms are conventional associated with certain meanings.Scale and propertyFig. 3.7 Vastupurusa (Source Charles Correa, Vistara Architecture of India)Fig. 3.8 Vitruvius Man (Source Leonardo Da vinci.stanford.edu)Scale refers to the size of something compared to reference standard or size of something else. Deciding the scale of a sacred space is a common design concern. Some blend into the fabric of the neighbouring community and landscape others stands out as landmarks, easily recognized for their special purpose. generally the sacred spaces take monumental scale to create an atmosphere of awe, closed book and magnificence. The scale of the interior spaces, the size and weight of doors, and the exposed structural columns and beams all serve to pertain the special quality of the sacred space.Fig. 3.9 LeCorbusier modular Man (Source Corbusier, The modulor)Proportion refers to the proper or harmonious relation of o ne part to other or to the whole. While the designer usually has a range of choices when find out the proportions of things, some are prone to us by the nature and the man himself.Human body proportions are used not merely as numbers with an inherent harmony, but as a system of measurements that could govern lengths, surfaces, and volumes. It can lend itself to an infinity of combination it ensures unity with diversity the miracle of numbers. relative buildings and scale link spiritual architecture to the mathematical structure of the cosmos. The building should relate well not only to the human scale but also the psyche.Light and ColourFig. 3.12 Khajuraho Temple (Source Kota Kesava Karthik)Fig. 3.11 Prayer at Church (Source http//en.wikipedia.org)Light is regarded to be the most important component in definition of space or the manifestation of form in an architectural space it not only defines the space but also gives meaning to it. In this study one looks at how light can crea te a place of worship how to make a quiet, enclosed, isolated space, space full of activities, fill with vitality.Fig. 3.10 Khirki Masjid (Source Jegmet Wangchuk)Colour is the attribute that most clearly distinguishes a form from its environment. We respond to bright colours, for instance red, with the emotional part of our brain. First, our muscles get tense, and then we lean towards the colour. Our respiration and heart rate goes up and the blood coerce starts rising. The opposite reactions occur when we see light colours such as blue. Our muscles relax, the heart and respiration rate drops and the blood pressure lowers.It also affects the visual weight of a form. Gradation of colour exist from pale to promising from cold to warm. Thus colour expression is also full of meaning.Texture is an important asset of colour. It is the visual and especially tactile quality given to a surface by shape and arrangement, and the proportions of the separate. Texture also determines to which the surfaces of a form reflect or absorb incident light. It gives an expression to the surface, thereby contributing to the overall impression.ColorColors CharacteristicsColors ActionsRedStimulating, exciting, provocative, dynamicIncreased enthusiasm, interest, and energyPinkHappy, sweet, spirited, romantic, youthfulCalm and relaxing feelingsBrownWholesome, rich, durable, rustic, shelteringA connection with the natural earth and the stability this bringsOrangeFriendly, vital, tangy, energizing, invitingIncreases creativeness and gives relief from things becoming too seriousBlueDependable, cool, serene, constant, quietBroadens your perspective in learning new informationGreenRefreshing, healing, fresh, soothing, natureGives emancipation to pursue new ideasPurpleSensual, elegant, mysterious, regal, spiritualCalms over activity or energizes from depressionBlackStrong, classic, elegant, powerful, mysteriousOpens the door to mystery and prepares for the unknown yellowedWarming, sunny, cheerful, luminous, enlighteningGives clarity for decision making and sharper memory and tautness skillswhitePure, bright, innocent, lightweight, pristineStarts a fresh beginningFig. 3.13 Colours in Culture (Source www.informationisbeautiful.net)Table. 3.1 Concept of Colours (Source http//en.wikipedia.org)SymbolismSymbolismWe can identify iconography depicted in architecture of these buildings as the signs and symbols and the inspirations taken directly from some other structure or theories and thoughts spread across the world.A symbol is the apposition that is, a co-optation of visible forms brought forth to demonstrate some infrared matter. One needs to identify with ones religion that is where symbols play an important role.( JosePereira, 2004, The Sacred Architecture of Islam)Table. 3.2 Iconography in major religions (Source JosePereira, The Sacred Architecture of Islam, 2004)Sacred symbolism is considered to be present in every major ghostlike building, around the world. Ic onography of sacred geography in three major religions of the worldTEMPLEMOSQUECHURCHMOUNTAINShikharaMinaretLofty towersSTONEIdolOne that in Kabba altarTREEPresent in courtyardCrossWATERSarovar rite ablutions in courtyardPlace of BaptismBut is it signs and symbolism only which draw an impact on our behaviour. When we get in to some space, is the aesthetical and visual perception only gets conceived in our mind.Fig. 3.15 Temple Bells (Source Author)Fig. 3.14 Prayer at church (Source http//www.mlive.com)Fig. 3.16 Reciting Quran in Mardrsa (Source http//www.mlive.com)SOUNDThe reverberant sound quality created by the proportions and the materials of sacred spaces set them apart from the ordinary. Sacred music, singing, chanting, the ringing of temple and church bells and intoning of prayers characterize specific rituals. The change in sound quality from the cacophony of the roadway to the harmony resonant silence signifies entry into a sacred space. physical contactThe experience of t ouch identifies a sacred space the weight of the door handle, the textures of materials on walls and seating, and the hardness of stone underfoot. A change in temperature, such as the transition from the blazing heat of a busy city street into the cool and solitude of an interior can also denote a sacred space.Most of the textures are touched by vision, iconography, organize an integral part of a temple and a church architecture to convey the complete narrative.Though the following two are not translated into architectural terms, but they form an indispensable part of a complete spiritual experience.SMELLFig. 3.20 Garlands for devotees (Source Author)Fig. 3.18 IItr, scented oilFig. 3.19 Votive Candles (Source Author)Fig. 3.17 Agarbatti (Source http//www.mlive.com)Incense is used extensively in the Roman Catholic and Buddhist traditions as a symbol of prayers going up to the deity. The smell of agarbatti and the flowers offered to deity are indispensable parts of the rituals for Hi ndu as well as many other faiths. The scent sticks are used even in meditation centers as the intoxicating smell stimulates your senses to the positive and calms you down.TASTEFig. 3.23 Christmas cake (Source www.google.com)Fig. 3.22 Korma (Source Author)Fig. 3.21 Laddo (Source Kota Kesava Karthik)Though this sensory experience is deficient in many of the architecture, it still is an integral part of many religious experiences. All the Hindu temples have Prasad and Chanramrit (sweet water) as an indispensable part of the worshipping ritual. Some believe that this custom of sharing sweets is a memorial of the sweetness of the deities. Christians offer holy water in a similar manner. The prasad is obligatory in the Gurudwara too.3.3 SPIRITUAL DIMENSION IN EXISTING BUILDING TYPOLOGY3.3.1 THE HINDU TEMPLEThe Hindu temple is essentially the House Of God. It is not a place for congregational worship. Though congregation for religious ceremonies do take place, but the worshippers commun ication with the divine is his own personal experience. The worshipper goes individually to the house of God and invokes his blessings. Stella Kramisch, in her book, The Hindu Temple says, the intellect of the age, absorbed generally in divine contemplation, is reflected in the temple idol

Speed Up Construction IBS Systems

Speed Up reflexion IBS SystemsIntroductionIn this chapter, the author reviewed trains done by others through journals, articles, newspaper cutting, and quotes from authors and online articles collected. IBS dodge is a lick to speed up the device work and to minimize the dep windupency of fag on site.The target argona of this study is further discussed virtually the barriers of contractor in enforceing IBS. Besides that, this chapter in like manner go forth focus on the staple fiber review of IBS such as expositions, background, types and characteristics in IBS and have a basic introduction about the situation of IBS.Industrialised build is the term given to make technology where raw governing bodyatized brasss of plan, reapingion planning and function as well as outfit and automated manufacture ar utilize (Ingemar Lofgren and Kent Gylltoft, 2000) eyepatch Building body mean a construct brass includes design rules and a product governance whose parts h ave compatible interfaces, thus permitting the rehearse of several(prenominal) alternative components and assemblies is assured by means of a dimensional and adjustment body as well as connection and joint (Ingemar Lofgren and Kent Gylltoft, 2000) translation of IBS in that location was no putting greenly certain or agreed definition of IBS. Several authors have specify IBS as process or a technique. Blimas et. al. (2006) and Pan et. al. (2008) defined that IBS is often referred by bookss as off -site formula, off-site yield, industrialised and automated body twist.Warszawski (1999) explain in detail that an industrialized process is and investment in equipment, facilities, and technology with the objective of maximizing production output, minimising moil resource, and improving attri simplye while a building establishment is defined as a set of interconnected element joint unneurotic to enable the designated mental process of a building.Another definition by Trikha (1999) claimed that IBS to a fault may be defined in which all building components such as wall, floor slab, column and staircase are mass put outd all n milling machinery or at site under austere timbre control and minimal on site activitiesAnother definition that clarified by Junid (1986) where IBS as process by which components of building are conceived, planned and fabricated, transported and erected at site. The outline includes balance combination between software program and hardware component. The software elements include system design, which is complex process of analyse the requirement of the end user, market analysis and the development of standardise component, organisation of manufacturing and assembly layout and process, allocation of resources and substantials and definition of a building designer conceptual framework.The software elements provide a prerequisite to create the conducive environs for industrialised to expand. agree to Juunid (1986), the ha rdware elements are categorised into three study groups. These include frame or post and beam system, panel system, and disaster system. The framed structures are defined as those structure that carry the hemorrhoid through their beams and girders to columns and to the ground whilst in panel system load are distri exactlyed through large floor and wall panels. The box systems include those system that employ three-dimensional modules (or boxes) for fabrication of habitable units are capable of control load from various directions collect to their internal stability.CIDB defined IBS as construction system whereby the components are manfactured in a factory, on-site or off-site, and so positioned and assembled into structures with minimal addtional site work.Classifications of IBSThis section allow for focus on the salmagundi of the building system that are published internationally and in Malaysia in that respect are four types of building system under IBS in Malaysia and at that place are namely established column-beam-slab frame systems with timber and plywood as formwork, cast in-situ system with marque or aluminium as formwork, prefabricated system and the composite building system is shown in figure 2.1. severally building system is represented by its construction technology, functional and geometric configuration (Badir et al, 1998). (cited at Thanoon et. al., 2003)According to Majzub (1977) has different concept in classifying building system that is the relative saddle of the components should be used as a basis for building classification shown in figure 2.2. The factor of weight has significant impact on the transportability of the components and also has influences on the production method of the components and their erection method on site. This classification method is found to be inadequate to incorporate other building system flourish recently.There are five types of IBS had being used in Malaysia(IBS Road Maps 2003-2010) sign 1 Pre-C ast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box SystemThe most common group of IBS products is pre-cast concrete of elements in construction labor. For example, in that location are including columns, beams, slabs, Three-Dimension (3D) components (balconies, staircase, toilet, ascension chambers), permanent concrete formwork, and so on. (CIDB, 2005). Pre-cast concrete framing, panel and box system is under categories of prefabricated system. The advantage using this is because it cans minimum waste due to work environment in factory is easier to control. Panel system is use for the construction of interior walls and exterior walls offer speed of construction in legion(predicate) ways. For box system will achieve ultimate objective of industrialization that is a maximum saving of human aim on site. token 2 trade name Formwork SystemsThis system considered as least prefabricated IBS, as they largely involve site casting and subject to offer high part finishes and fast construction with less site labour can fit in tunnel formwork, beams, columns, and slab moulding forms permanent vane formworks (metal decks) and so on. (CIDB, 2005) The steel formwork is prefabricated in the factory and then installed on site.Type 3 marque Framing SystemThis system always be the popular cream and used intensifierly in the fast-track construction of skyscrapers. Recent development in this types system included the increased fashion of light steel trusses. Steel is non combustible material and improves fire safety and reduces amount of structural modify in the event of a fire happen. Example Steel beam, columns, introduction frames, roof trusses. (CIDB, 2005). Steel framing also consider as prefabricated system and it to be erected whereby welding at joints are conducted. This system cans alacritous the procession construction.Type 4 Prefabricate Timber Framing SystemWhile the latter are more popular, timber building frame whirl interesting designs from dwelling units to b uildings requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resortsExample Timber frame, timber roof trusses (CIDB, 2005). The advantage of the system is chiefly in the interior flexibility, as large space can be used for different functions and can be easily changed or modified according to the use.Type 5 Block Work SystemThis system has revolutionizes by the development and usage of interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks. The tedious and clipping-consuming traditional brick-laying tasks are greatly simplified by the usage of there effective alternative solutions. Block work system also consider under prefabricated system. The benefits of block work system are faster construction and increase bricklayer longevity. Moreover, its also increased push nest egg like lightweight concretes resistance to heat f lowly is twice of long suit and heavy weight concrete, its mean that less heating/cooling energy is needed.Characteristics of IBSIt is im portant to have the following characteristics completely consider to be accepted as part of the IBS and ensure the achievement of proven benefits of IBS. Each of them will be discuss briefly at below (CIDB 2008)Industrial production of components though pre-fabrication or highly mechanized in-situ processes. For example, permanent steel formworkReduced labour during pre-fabrication of the components and site works.Modern design and manufacturing methods involving education engineering science such as the usage of figurer Aided design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)Systematic Quality control such as ISO 9000 principles centripetal Building Concept i.e permitting the hybrid applications, and adaptable to standardization and Modular Coordination (MC) writ of execution Level of IBS in MalaysiaThe use of IBS have various advantages such as the reduction dependency of foreign workers, less wastage, less volume of building materials, increased environmental and construction site cleanliness and better quality control compare to conventional method.These advantages also promote a safer and more arrange construction site, and reduce the completion time of construction. Many world-class Malaysian developers have chosen IBS over the conventional methods for important projections such as the Petronas Twin Towers, Putrajaya, KL Sentral, and KLIA. (IBS Roadmap, 2003 -2010)Even so, the usage level of IBS in building is inactive low. From a survey conducted by CIDB Malaysia, the usage level of IBS in the topical anesthetic construction indus savor stands at only 15% (IBS Survey 2003). The archean efforts of the Government to encourage the use of IBS in the construction sector has all the same to garner a good response, and this sector is assuage practicing conventional construction methods that have proven time and again to be wasteful, dangerous and messy. Relatively, the low labour cost in this country is the root cause of the industry failing to refo rm and being complacent with the current level of productivity, quality and safety. (IBS Roadmap, 2003 -2010)Moreover, according to the newspaper the star 2009 stated that Jamilus explained that IBS was a construction technique in which components were manufacture in a controlled environment (on-site, off-site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site work. Beside that, out of 1,400 contractors in Johor, there only 4% of it are using this systems. Moreover, he said that since year 2008, there only 51 contractors in the state have been reported to use the IBS system in their building projects and the number were expected improve in time. (The star, 2009)Malaysias Experiences in IBSThe usage of IBS is not new in the Malaysia construction industry. The composition using IBS in Malaysia was first purpose during the early 60s when the Minister house and Local Government visited several European countries and evaluated their building system pe rformance. At the time, the government makes a big decision to give a try on a two pilot projects using IBS concept. The first project, Pekeliling straight was constructed along Jalan Pekeliling with construction of 7 blocks of 17 storey flats, and 4 blocks of 4 storey flats comprising around 3,000 units of low cost flats and 40 storey reveal lot and this project using large panel industrialized prefabricated systems. On the other hand, the second project was built in Penang with the construction of 6 blocks of 17 storey flats and 3 blocks of 18 storey flats comprising 3,699 units and 66 reveal lots along the Jalan Rifle Range and this project was using the French Estiot System (Din, 1984).Even though the first executing IBS was not flourishing due to the failure to keep indoors cost estimation but there are some successful espousal too. Among the significant projects that implement IBS are including KL Sentral. KL Convention Centre, KLIA, etcFollowing is the Successful imple mented of IBS end-to-end Malaysia (CIDB Malaysia, 2003) year 2007 Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART Tunnel), Kuala Lumpur The Spring Shopping Mall, Kuching, SarawakYear 2006 Kuching multinational airport, Kuching, Sarawak Persada Johor International Convention Centre, Johor BahruYear 2005 Serdang Hospital, Serdang, Selangor The Curve, Mutiara Damansara, SelangorYear 2001 Kuala Lumpur Sentral ( KL Sentral), Kuala Lumpur Likas Stadium, Kota Kinabalu, SabahYear 1998 Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), Sepang, Selangor Malawati Indoor Satdium, Bukit Jalil, SelangorYear 1997 Petronas Twin Tower, Kuala Lumpur Bukit Jalil, Bukit Jalil, SalangorYear 1984 Daybumi Complex, Kuala LumpurYear 1981 High end bungalows and low cost houses throughout SelangorThe Advantages for IBS adoption in anatomical structure diligenceThere are some several advantages using IBS (MCRJ, 2009)1. Reduce Remittances by foreign workerThe Government aimed to achieve 100 percent usage of I BS and to reduce to 15 percent or approximately 50,000 of foreign workers in the construction industry by 2010. With the current foreign workers totaling 227,000, the remittances of the foreign workers amounted to about 7.5 billion. It is expected that the Government would be able to reduce the remittances with the full implementation of IBS. (Bernama.com, 2006)2. Enhance Efficiency of Construction Process and Higher ProductivityIBS is a methodology whereby a local construction industry is driven towards the adoption of an integrated and encouraging key players in the construction industry to produce and utilize pre-fabricated and mass production of the building at their work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, allowing a higher productivity, quality, time and cost saving. (CIDB, 2004)3. Produce Better ProductIBS promises elevated levels of expertise throughout the industry, from manufacturers, installers, engineers, planners, designers, and deve lopers. The benefits of IBS will ultimately produce better products for the population (CIDB, 2003)4. Reduce Wastage, slight pose Materials, Costs, Cleaner and Neater EnvironmentThe IBS, which enables on-site prefabricated or pre-cast building components manufactured at factories offers minimal wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled quality, and lower total construction cost (CIDB, 2003). For example, the repetitive use of system formwork made up of steel, aluminium, etc and scaffolding provides considerable cost savings (Bing et al. 2001).5. Higher Quality of cistronAn industrialised building system component produces higher quality of components attainable through careful selection of materials, use of advanced technology and unappeasable quality assurance control (Din,1984)6. Reduce Labour at SitePrefabrication takes place at a centralised factory, thus reducing labour requirement at site. This is true especially when high degree of automat ion is involved (Warszawski, 1999)7. Faster CompletionAn industrialised building system allows for faster construction time because casting of precast element at factory and foundation work at site can occur simultaneously. This provides in front occupation of the building, thus reducing interest payment or uppercase outlays (Waleed et al., 2003)8. Not Affected by Adverse Weather ConditionConstruction operation is not affected by adverse weather qualify because prefabricated component is done in a factory controlled environment (Waleed et al., 2003)9. tractile DesignAn industrialised building system allows fexibility in architectural design in order to minimise the monotony of repetitive facades (Warszawski, 1999). An industrialised building system provides flexibility in the design of precast element as well as in construction so that different systems may produce their own unique prefabrication construction methods (Zaini, 2000)Barriers of Adoption in Malaysia Construction Ind ustryIBS can replace the conventional building system which is labour oriented However, since the first project of IBS not well accepted by construction parties because of fail to deal with the risks such failure of keep within the cost estimate. For example, the first project incurred 8.1 % higher costs than a akin(predicate) building that using conventional construction method, while the second project was 2.6% lower than the cost. Both projects also completed in 27 months in term of compare to the construction speed but are inclusive the time of set up the recasting factories too. When come to the quality, the conventional method seems have better quality than IBS. In conclusion, there is a agonistic with conventional construction method.Even though IBS is good to implement due to its advantages but the implementation of usage level is still precise low. According to Waleed et. al. (2003), the common consensus of all the stakeholders of construction in Malaysia is that, the IB S implementation in Malaysian building construction industry is still very low compared to the conventional methods. This is due to several reasons(MCRJ, 2009)1. Costs and Return InvestmentWide swings in houses demand, high interest rate and cheap labour cost, make it heavy to justify large capital investment. At present there is an copiousness of cheap foreign workers in Malaysia and contractors prefer to use labour intensive conventional building system because it is far easier to lay off workers during mire period. The economic benefits of IBS are not well documented in Malaysia and the medieval experiences indicated IBS is more expensive due to fierce competition from conventional building system.2. deficiency of skilled and knowledgeable manpowerFully prefabricated construction system requires high construction precision. Malaysian labour force still drop of skilled workers in IBS implementation.3. The PracticesThe construction industry is very fragmented, diverse and inv olves many parties. Consensus is required in the use of IBS during planning stage.4. Knowledge basedLack of Research Development (RD) in the area of novel building system that uses local materials. Majorities of IBS in Malaysia are imported from developed countries, thus driving up the construction cost. Engineering degrees in local universities seldom discipline about the design and construction of IBS.5. Low QualityThe use of IBS in Japan and Sweden are so successful due to high qualityand high productivity but it sis the opposite in Malaysia. old projects constructedwith IBS concept were of low quality and high construction cost.6. Lack of inducement and AwarenessDue to the lack of incentive and promotion from government in the use of IBS, many many architects and engineers are still unaware of the basic elements of IBS such as modular co-ordination.7. Lack of Scientific InformationAn IBS system can only be acceptable to practitioners if its major advantages are expensive c ompared to the conventional system. However, up to date, there is inadequate corroborative evidence to bear the benefits of IBS system. It is therefore, arguable that the implementation of IBS is particularly hindered by lack of scientific information (Badir et al., 2002)8. Wastage of MaterialStandardization of building elements faces resistance from the construction industry due to aesthetic reservation and economic reason. One good example of this is when a 300mm thick modular standardized floor slab has to be used although a 260mm thick floor slab can achieve the similar structural performance. This results wastage of material (Waleed et al., 2003)Summary of the ChapterNowadays in Malaysia, IBS still being developed and applied in new building. Mean while, the implementation level is still very low what has anticipate by the government. The purpose of IBS is very clear as an alternative for conventional method and also reduces the dependency of labour, and increase the performan ce in time, cost, and quality. The Government of Malaysia promote IBS component to the construction industrials.In the literature review have proved that there are many benefits of IBS but still is low usage among contractors and the implementation of using IBS level is still very low.

Marketing Strategies: Bang Olufsen vs. Sony

merchandise Strategies earn intercourse Olufsen vs. SonyMarketing Strategies and Customer behaviors of High-tech intersection pointscrash Olufsen vs. SonyIntroductionThe richly-tech industry is experiencing furious competition in the universe of discourse-wide grocery, especi completelyy in the sectors of audio/ idiot box, loudspeakers and digital appliances. bop Olufsen and Sony atomic number 18 both(prenominal) successful organizations offer examples of excellent strategies in their respective markets in the similar industry. Compargond to boot Olufsen, Sony is a less expensive f all(prenominal) guy, which was founded in 1946 in Japan. It is atomic number 53 of the leading electronics and entertain workforcet companies, offering choice digital and media harvest-homes to the muckle world(prenominal) market. Sony stands on a strong foundation of innovation, screw, talent, capital and desire (Sony 2008). Its mathematical crossings and service be available ar ound the world. They atomic number 18 attached with strong initiation cap capacity, good quality and high prestige. heyday Olufsen (BO) was founded in 1925 by 2 young Danish engineers, Peter whap and Svend Olufsen. Kn throw all oer the world for spectacular, idea based, quality growths (Christensen and Jrgensen 1997). It produces and develops a wide frame of digital appliances as well as audio/ boob tube harvest-feasts.This newspaper publisher will assess the effectiveness of distinct merchandise strategies of these two organizations, and consequently identify and analyze their winder customer behaviors.Background of the companies2.1 SonyWith its commitment to quality and consistent dedication to customer satisfaction Sony is recognized as a benchmark for New Age technology. Sony adapts Digital Signage, which is a powerful mother fucker to influence Customer behavior, both at point of purchase and at point of sale. slapdash Olufsen bash and Olufsen obtain tied with e -commerce giant amazon to influence their customer behavior, wherein products purchased by the customers will be provided with warranty readjustment forms which allows customer to register the purchased products for support finished come forth the life of the product.Key Customers BehaviorsJim Blythe (2006)says that m whatever(prenominal) an(prenominal) purchases be made without seeming(a) conscious thought people practically buy as a expiry of unexplained impulses, or only when fall in love with a product for no app bent reason. In the market of high-tech products, the customer behavior sweep ups the seven stages of CDP (Consumer conclusion Process) model . First, they recognize that whatsoeverthing is requisiteed in their lives. Then they oceanrch for development. The information whitethorn be internal (remembering facts about products, or recalling experiences with them) or extraneous (reading about possible products, visiting shops, and so on. Based on the info rmation, they conduct the pre-purchase military rating of alternatives. During the process, they compare a number of factors (such as toll, determination, functions) of various brands to select the possible alternatives that scoop out converge the needs (Yan 2008). Finally, they make the purchase, and then use the product for the purpose of fulfilling the need. The past-consumption evaluation will be carried out to canvass whether the product actually repay the needs or not. They might dispose the product before or at the end of its life cycle (Blythe 2006). A simple ending hierarchy for buying a high-tech product might look like thisFind out which high-tech product best suit the individual needs.Find out which brand has the unspoiled product at the right equipment casualty.Go and buy the product.Bang Olufsen targets the elect group, which can be explained as swiftness class customers who are educated, well-to-do, obliging in their interests and highly individualistic a nd self-motivated. These consumers are normally wealthy with high income and good taste. well-nigh of them make luxury manses/flats and cars. They would like to spend colossal amount of m 1y to achieve the similar quality for their audio and video equipment, long before design-widescreen TVs became fashionable. Bang Olufsens designs attract both men and women with a combination of high-end technology, spectacular and very practically audacious Danish advance(a) styling, excellent performance and super functional integration into the typical upper middle class home (Austin and Beyersdorfer 2007). In addition to the luxury offers, Bang Olufsen had introduced a new range of smaller products (such as Serene) with relative demoralise prices to attract the wealthy fashion-conscious youth market.In a word, these customers are persons who are willing to sacrifice a lot to get the very best in some crabbed field of honor. For this reason, the step 2 in the goal hierarchy might be missing from their purchasing process as they are wealthy and non-price sensitive, attracted only by the products featured with unique looking, high-end technology, personalization and customization (Dolbow 2002).Compared to Bang Olufsen, Sonys customers have relatively lower standards of lifestyle, although Sonys products ease have high prices and better qualities than the industry average. These groups of customers are price-sensitive. They totally follow the CDP and goal hierarchy estimated. Most of Sonys products are marketed as prise for money products with strong brand image and good design. opposed Bang Olufsen, Sony does not exigency its products to be zero flaws, but join the demands of the mass global customers. It limits the application of the high-end technologies such as finer art of design and frequency range to reduce the costs. Individualization is excluded from its production profile for the kindred reason. Therefore, its products may not be able to ful ly meet the expectations of one particularized person. In such products one feature appeals to one lineament of person, other features to another, the price, but no features, to a third, etc. But on the whole, the consumer will pay for a number of features that he or she never really wanted and perhaps never will use (Ravasi 2004).Marketing Strategies and TacticsThe Bang Olufsen specialist will represent the Bang Olufsen showroom located closest to the customers residence, and the specialist and showroom will then be available for customer services.The Competitive ApproachBang Olufsen constantly had a more than high-brow approach. It competes for upper middle-class discretionary dollars. In the fact, there are no whatsoever direct competitors of Bang Olufsen in the high-end electronics industry, because it does not want to make mass-market products with a broad appeal like its competitors products without any determine for the preferences and needs of the individual en d-users. Bang and Olufsen locates the showrooms close to its potential customers residence. In addition to the normal work hours, all the services and showrooms are made available to customers by appointment. Resources are selectively employed to avail its end-customers intelligently. Bang Olufsen highlights customization and personalization. It charges premium price to makes individual products for individual people (Hendriksen 2001). Basically, all the products share the very(prenominal) Bang Olufsen qualities, but each of them has a specific design profile that works individually to serve the end-customers in the market. The integration of unique designs and high qualities are notable selling points of each product.The shade ApproachIn parallel with the design and quality, Bang Olufsen, thereof, developed a marketing and communication dodging a lifestyle oriented schema aimed at a smaller, but more international target group. The targeting schema was best encapsulated in the advertising slogan of the period Bang Olufsen is for those who consider taste and quality before price. The products offered by Bang Olufsen are therefore regarded as lifestyle products. Each of them is manufactured to the highest standards, and that last 15-20 years or else of the industry typical 24 months. Bang Olufsen conducts a niche marketing strategy by operating under a completely disparate margin scheme than any of the large, well-sourced players like Sony, Philips, Samsung, Matsushita, Thomason, who all need market share to be visible and profitable (Hendriksen et al., 2002).The Differentiation approachBang Olufsen is not built on a low cost structure. The avail of cost leadership does not exist. Each of the products from Bang Olufsen is unique in the market. harvest-feast lies not only in the way it looks, but alike in the way it works. Intelligent technology, advanced features and unconventional solutions are what lay out Bang Olufsen apart. Under thi s strategy Bang Olufsen strengths and skills are used to carve up the companys electronic products from those of its potential competitors. The differentiation strategy creates, or emphasizes, a reason why the target customers should buy from Bang Olufsen rather than from its competitors. It in addition creates a market-based advantage. In this way, Bang Olufsens products can reign over higher prices and margins and thus avoid competing on price alone. In addition, this strategy of BO is hard for potential competitors to imitate, because the differentiation is integrative. All the products are integrations of design, quality, aesthetics, and functionality.Marketing Strategies of SonyFrom a general point of view, Sony conducts a segmentation marketing strategy by dividing products into three important categories Electronics, Game, and Pictures. This report only highlights the marketing strategy of its electronics division. Sony alship canal responds speedily to catch the pop ular lifestyle accepted by just about of the people. Compared to Bang Olufsen, Sony is more likely to conduct a wholeness product for the many marketing strategy, with mass production to serve the majority of the market. shut the quality, price is utilized as a overlyl for competing with rivals. In new-fashioned years, Sony outsourced near of its non-core commercial enterprisees such as assembling, packaging to organizations in developing countries for barely reductions of its operating costs. The Annual Report 2008 states that Sony successfully re-engineered the company by dramatically reducing operating costs, streamlining the operations. As a result, on an annual undercoat and compared to three years prior, sales and operating revenue rose 23% (Sony 2008).Marketing 4PsThe report applies a simple marketing mix of 5Ps to analyze the difference betwixt Bang Olufsen and Sony.ProductBang Olufsen Product dodgeBang Olufsen develops and markets a unique rang of audio/video, communication and multimedia system products. All the products are integrations of design, quality, aesthetics, and functionality, which are easily differentiated from the products of other companies (Hendriksen et al., 2002). agree to the feature of target customers, Bang Olufsen discovers that their clients usually do not neck what they really want. They desire something that could stand out of the mass, or lasts and represents something appeals to them, but not just follow the fashionable style. Bang Olufsen always keep the design to produce groundbreaking products to satisfy its customers needs and update their products more oft in the dynamic environment.Ground-breaking products have been launched for the audiophile world, with BeoLab 5 named as one of the worlds finest loudspeakers, and within TV (Aigner et al., 2006). Over the past few years, the mark trade has extended into new areas. BO has developed sound systems for, so far, sise Audi models. These have attracte d strong praise with BO being awarded the title of Best marque 2008 in the Car-HiFi category in the respected German auto clipping Auto Motor und Sport (Anthony 2008). In the automotive area, Bang Olufsen has to a fault entered into a strategic partnership with Aston Martin, the UKs sports car maker, and latest, Mercedes-AMG. Through its initiative department, BO focuses on sales to hotels where the companys products are currently represented in more than 200 five-star hotels across the world. In addition, BO Enterprise has initiated and expand a number of partnerships with leading property developers for the supply of audio/video products for exclusive property projects (Vej 2007). To ensure that all the products are in the highest standards, Bang Olufsen only concentrates on fewer product categories.Sony Product StrategyUnlike Bang Olufsen, Sony has a broad list of electronic products. In the financial year 2005-2008, it launched the BRAVIA brand of LCD television. It too k a strong position in each major market, and became the first to bring to market organic light-emitting diode televisions (Russinovich 2005). Sony mainly focuses on the marketing development to increase the products variety to meet the demands from different customer groups. People at different levels of socioeconomic place may muster their favorable products from Sony. Moreover, Sonys products are normally with a short lifecycle, for example 12-24 months. New products are quickly imitated by the competitors. Therefore, Sony has to update its product lists frequently to catch sales. This typical marketing strategy is in addition adopted by some of its competitors, such as Apple, Samsung etc. damageIn theory, price is really determined by the discovery of what customers discern is the value of the item on sale.Pricing Strategy of Bang Olufsen harmonise to an online research, the average BO purchase is 2,800 (Underwood 2005). The prices are some(prenominal) higher than the ind ustry average. The price reflects the products quality and brand image (Raun 2009). Customers regard price as one of the notable aspects of Bang Olufsen, which stands for the highest value of design, outstanding performance, durability, and long reliable services.Pricing strategy of SonyBeing a premium brand and know for its high quality products, Sony adapts premium prices for the products. It sells its products at comparatively higher price. furtheranceBang Olufsen Promotion StrategyBang Olufsen produces differentiated products to satisfy their elite customer group. Around 80% of its sales revenue is generated from between 800-1000 of its customers. It determines that the promotions are only available for a small amount of VIPs, which are especially used to establish the long term relationships with those important customers.Sony Promotion StrategySony adapts dynamic promotion strategies through Marketing communication, Advertising, Sales promotion, earth relations and Dire ct selling.Place (Distribution)Bang Olufsen Place (Distribution) StrategyBy the end of May 2008, Bang Olufsen has 822 B1 shops across the world, which accounts for 81% of the total turnover. Bang Olufsen dedicates to provide the best services for its customers. Customers could make the appointment online for afterward working hour services. Because most of its products are very expensive, only small amounts of relatively cheaper products are sold via online dealers.Sony Place (Distribution) StrategySony approach patterns Selective distribution of its products through selective dealers. It distributes products in various channels (Zone-Level, One Level and Two-Level Channels). Sony also distributes through online facility which proved to be more effective and cost-efficient way of distribution.PeopleBang Olufsens StrategyIt motivates the people with their companionship towards technology and provides greater opportunities to explore and carrier growth to achieve.Sonys Strat egySony is driven by its mission to offer an opportunity to create and fulfill dreams of all kinds of people, including customers, employees, share holders and telephone circuit partners.ConclusionThis report compares the marketing strategies and key customer behaviors between Bang Olufsen, the very expensive high-tech products provider, and Sony, a less expensive quality high-tech products provider. Although they operate in the similar industry, there is no actual competition existing between them as they target different customer groups.ReferenceAigner, G., Budzinski, O., and Christiansen, A. (2006). The analysis of coordinated do in EU merger control where do we stand after Sony, BMG and Impala, pp. 311336.Anthony, S. (2008). Sony Winning the DVD battle but losing the innovation war, Innovation Insights.Austin, R. and Beyersdorfer, D. (2007). Bang Olufsen Design Driven Innovation, Harvard Business School Case.Blythe, J. (2006). Essentials of marketing communications, Prentic e Hall.Christensen, S. and Jrgensen, J. (1997). Analysing Bang Olufsens BeoLink (R) Audio/Video System Using Coloured Petri Nets, chaffer Notes in Computer Science, pp. 387-406.Dolbow, S. (2002). Bang Olufsen Tunes Sales Channel for S20K Plasma-Based TV System, Brandweek, pp. 14.Hendriksen, O. (2001). long Monitoring at Bang Olufsen Office Building, in Editor (ed)(eds), retain Long-term Monitoring at Bang Olufsen Office Building, City, pp.Hendriksen, O., Brohus, H., Frier, C., and Heiselberg, P. (2002). Pilot train Report Bang Olufsen Head Quarter, Paris, France worldwide Energy Agency.Raun, H. (2009). Strategisk analyse og vrdiansttelse af Bang Olufsen pr 21. oktober 2008.Ravasi, D. (2004). Bang Olufsen A, S, Bocconi, Mailand.Russinovich, M. (2005). Sony, rootkits and digital rights management gone too far, Marks Sysinternals Blog, October, Vol. 31.Sony (2008). Sony Global Annual Report 2008, in Editor (ed)(eds), phonograph recording Sony Global Annual Report 2008, C ity, Sony, pp.Underwood, R. (2005). The case for fanaticism. At high-end Danish electronics upstanding Bang Olufsen, design is king, Even if it inwardness sacrificing revenue, FAST COMPANY, Vol. 101, pp. 84.Vej, P. (2007). Bang Olufsen Holding, International handlery of Company Histories Volume 86, pp. 24.Yan, G. (2008). Sony Style in China,, No. 010, pp. 22-23.Emergency growdness Techniques Private and federal official SectorEmergency Planning Techniques Private and Federal SectorEmergency PlanningAbstractThe basis of this paper deals with the hint plan techniques of both the common soldier and the federal sector. They each have their own way of writing and carrying out the emergency plans. There are similarities in each and there are differences in each. However, both have the same goal of nurtureing people and property.Thoroughly argue how private be after may differ from governing bodyal emergency be after. Should there be any difference? If so, when and how.Plann ing for a major disaster can draw back many different forms. On a governmental level, the federal, state, and local governments are responsible for the vindication of its citizens. Emergency supply is designed specifically for this area and can come from such things as the use of intelligence forum and even Congress passing laws like the USA PATRIOT ACT. On a private level, businesses are responsible for the protection of their employees and assets. More a great deal than not, these emergency plans are also dubbed Business Continuity Plans (BCP). These plans sustain if a disaster like a tornado should strike their area. Even more narrowed down than that, there are even plans for families to help protect themselves in their home. From top to loafer it is kind of likened to a bulls-eye. The outer sight is the Unites States government all the way to the smaller middle part, the individual/family. The bottom line is that it is important to have some kind of plan in place in all levels to ensure the utmost safety.On the governmental level, one of the main areas of planning and the one that is forefront in the yield of a major national disaster is the Department of Homeland credentials (DHS). The DHS was created in rejoinder to the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. This particular department heads numerous other agencies that assist in the event of a catastrophe of national significance. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) which was created by Jimmy Carter by executive order on March 30, 1979. (Woolley, 2005) The main goal of FEMA is to put together a response plant to catastrophes that communicate in the United States which surpass the resources and abilities of local and state jurisdictions. States also have their own emergency management agencies but when an incident is too very much for them the governor of the state where the incident takes place must declare a state of emergency and make a formal request for help to the President of the United States that FEMA and the Federal Government respond to the disaster. Like most government agencies FEMA is under high scrutiny whenever a disaster occurs. In new-made years the agency has not gotten very high mark for their efforts. Most notably are their responses to natural disasters like hurricanes. They are often criticized for their response times like in the cases of hurricanes Hugo in 1989 and Andrew in 1992. Most notably was the way FEMA (and the government as a whole) handled Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In the wake of Katrina, the United States Congress issued a scathing report on how it was handled noting that elements of the bailiwick Response Plan were executed late, ineffectively, or not at all. It cited, in partDHS and FEMA lacked adequate trained and experienced staff for the Katrina responseThe readiness of FEMAs national emergency response teams was inadequate and minify the effectiveness of the federal responseLong-standing we aknesses and magnitude of the disaster overwhelmed FEMSs ability to provide emergency shelter and temporary housingFEMA logistics and contracting systems did not support a targeted, massive, and sustained provision of commodities (congressional Select Committee, 2006)Get help with your essay from our expert essay writersFEMA is just one part of the National Plan for emergency readiness. Another agency in the mix is the superman Security court. This agency was also started as a direct result of the 9/11 attacks and is also under the umbrella of the DHS. As declared in their mission statement, The Transportation Security Administration protects the Nations transportation systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce. (Transportaton Security Administration, N/A) This particular agency is most noted and seen at our nations airports but are also responsible for transportation of land and sea as well. Like FEMA, there have been criticisms of this particular department as well. There have been complaints of invasion of privacy, theft of airline passengers possessions, and wasteful spending in its hiring practices.FEMA and the TSA are just a pair of the many areas in which the federal government has set its emergency planning into motion. As stated before, the governmental agencies are under a microscope and when something fails (or appears to have failed) it will be put into the spotlight. Citizens often turn to their governments for answers and direction, as they should, when a disaster occurs. Some involved in security planning privately feel that there are those agencies that need to do more in the way of explaining emergency and security plans to employees. However they also believe that the government has come a long way in emergency planning since the 9/11 attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center.In the private sector, planning for an emergency becomes more focused. The emphasis is on a much smaller populace depending on the size of th e entity whether it be a business, school, hospital, etc. No matter how much planning or preparation an entity does, there can never assurances that all crisis will be handled flawlessly. If a business fails to plan properly, the likelihood of problems during a disaster will greatly intensify. One issue that arises is that the managers of the business and public safety officials sometimes underestimate the issues that may arise during a crisis situation. Administrators normally dont have experience or prior training with emergency management issues. That is where the area of the Director of Security would come into play. This person would be responsible for writing up the emergency plan (i.e. Business Continuity Plan).Business continuity plans are essential in helping companies stay afloat through any misfortune and aid them in coming back more quickly after the setbacks. Without the BCP companies could be in great danger of going out of business is a disaster occurs. This could not only impact the business itself but the people it employs and the economy of an area if the business is large complete. bloody shame Carrido, president MLC Associates stated, After the Oklahoma City bombing, 40 square blocks were occlude off for weeks. This devastated 4,000 businesses 210 are not in existence anymore. (Rodetis, 1999) Had there been some kind of back-up plan to help these companies more businesses could have been saved. Its much easer to minimize a risk than to try and recover from a setback. A thorough plan can take a few months or even years to develop, depending on the size of the organization. Unfortunately a recent study by KPMG, LLP, found nearly 40% of respondents either lacked business continuity plans or had not tested theirs within the last hexad months. (Rodetis, 1999) In this day and age, especially with the technology available, it is unbelievable that many businesses do not have proper planning. The old adage of not planning to fail but failing to plan comes to mind.The next part to discuss is the really whittled down part, family planning (not the kind where you want to have kids). This is extremely important on this level too because families should do things like practice regular fire drills so the whole family knows where to go or find exits from the house in the event of a fire. These plans should also involve making sure fire alarms are placed properly throughout the house and ensure that the batteries are in working order. Also if some motley of disaster should occur while the family is away, there should be different means as how to contact one another and have a known meeting place if the family is separated. One should determine the type of risk that is most likely to happen whether it be a hurricane, tornado, man-made disaster, etc. and prepare for those risks. According to the FEMA website, it is suggested that enough food, water, and other supplies are stocked up enough to last at least three days.As written in the paper, the governmental and private sectors are different in many ways but the one underlying similarity is the basic need for protection of life and property. The differences are in the way plans are carried out and how they are managed. The federal government would not have to go through the same processes as say a business would to receive assistance. Ultimately some plan needs to be in place on all levels to minimize the risks and if there are areas in the federal level that need to be changed so response times are better or relief aid gets to an area sooner or mandating that all companies have a mercantilismument emergency plan, then these actions need to be taken.ReferencesCongressional Select Committee. (2006, N/A). Executive Summary of Findings. Retrieved July 16, 2007, from United States Congress http//www.gpoaccess.gov/katrinareport/execsummary.pdf.Rodetis, S. (1999, February 1). batch your business survive the unexpected?(business continuity plans). Retrieved July 1 7, 2007, from Journal of Accountancy http//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-53878194.html.Transportaton Security Administration. (N/A, N/A). Mission, Vision, and Core Values (Who We Are). Retrieved July 17, 2007, from Transportation Security Administration http//www.tsa.gov/who_we_are/mission.shtm.Woolley, L. (2005, September 12). FEMA Disaster of an Agency. Retrieved July 17, 2007, from newsmax.com http//www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2005/9/12/102827.shtml.